Background and purpose: Several adverse effects were reported for oral sildenafil. In this research after formulation of sildenafil topical gel, the effect of gel was compared with sildenafil tablet in a double-blind placebo-controled clinical trial. Materials and methods: After choosing the solvent system, several formulations were prepared and the most suitable gel was chosen for clinical trial. The study was a controlled randomized (block-random sampling), double blind, prospective, placebo-controlled trial. 94 patients, with clinically diagnosed erectile DYSFUNCTION were recruited. This includes men with ED of organic, psychogenic, and mixed causes. Patients were divided into two categories of age under and over 50. Six blocks were considered for including patients based on the nature of ED and age. All of the patients with ED from July 2003 to May 2004 diagnosed by one urologist were included in the study. The cases received 1% topical gel of sildenafil and placebo tablet, and the control group received sildenafil tablet (100 mg) and gel base (without drug) as placebo. The tablets were taken one hour before sexual action and the topical gel was used in 0.5g (approximately) on the glans of penis and were massaged for 5min, before the sexual activity. Results: In the case group that topical gel of sildenafil was administered, 5 patients (12.5%) had complete erection, 5 patients had moderate erection and erection was not observed in 30 (75%) of them. In control group, that sildenafil tablet was administered, these results were 28 (70%), 6 (15%) and 6 (15%) respectively. The onset of erection in case group (in-patients with complete erection) was 7.4 ± 3.6 min, but this time was 37.8 ± 14.9 min in control group. Four cases of mild headache were observed in-patients who administered topical gel of sildenafil. This was pain treated before 4 min. Two cases of severe headache were observed in-patients who were administered sildenafil tablet. The disorder on visual function was observed in one patient in control group. One case of severe dyspepsia was observed in this group too. Conclusion: Sildenafil delivery using transdermal formulation can be enhanced by several synthetic or natural percutaneous absorption enhancers, and appears to be a promising approach for the treatment of erectile DYSFUNCTION.  

The ethical actions are important because of the priority of the mission goal and their close relationship with SOCIAL progress and development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the identification and SOCIAL analysis of these types of actions among the verses of revelation and it deals with the effect of ethical actions in the production of SOCIAL capital in the process of progress based on religious teachings and answers these questions based on the Quranic teachings. What impact do ethical actions (behavior) have on the formation of SOCIAL progress? How do moral actions generate SOCIAL capital and influence progress (development)? What coordinates, examples and dimensions does this group of actions have? What are the effects and consequences of this group of actions? Those actions that are desirable and progressive in the development of SOCIAL interactions have been SOCIALly studied, analyzed and searched by using the inductive content analysis method. Honesty, trustworthiness and fulfillment of an obligation, altruism (Arabic: إیثار, self-sacrifice), asking forgiveness or istighfār (Arabic: استغفار ʾistiġfār), and forgiving others, kindness, non-violence, chastity and purity, patience and honesty and benevolent actions combined with SOCIAL supervision have been discussed, which lead to sincerity, togetherness, coherence and expansion of SOCIAL interactions and emotional relationships far from hatred and warm and emotional relationships and as a result, it causes the production of SOCIAL capital and its improvement and will lead to the density of actions focused on purpose and excellence that are necessary for progress.

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and SOCIAL effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and SOCIAL capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of SOCIAL justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

This paper examines the liberal society that Popper lauds, that aims to be truly open, and discusses why another, more communitarian kind of society, particularly societies in Africa, may also reflect the quest for intellectual openness that is Popper’s ideal. Moreover, this paper avers reasons why Popper should be comfortable with such a liberal-communitarian mix. The inter-subjectivity in his critical rationalism is a balance of an explicit individualism, and an implicit SOCIAL element (Afisi, 2016a). Popper is indeed an author of such a balance. For a society to be truly open requires the careful recognition and protection of individual freedom. However, the extent to which individuals are free to perform actions that they desire without external constraints, and the level of their individuality in relation to others when performing such actions, remain a contentious issue between liberals and more communitarian thinkers. Popper’s critical rationalism provides the necessary impetus to this contention through his view of freedom that I contend can best be viewed as carefully balanced, a view which combines individuality with a SOCIAL element that upholds community values necessary for openness of society. With this combination, Popper’s politics of liberalism provides an effective model of how a truly open society can be achieved. The values inherent to Popper’s liberalism including those concerning intellectual openness, individual freedom, mutual respect, measured self-respect, welfarism, humanitarianism, accountability, critical debates and feedback from the citizens, together concern the conditions for a society to be truly open. There are many competing thoughts as to what openness might be in Popper’s philosophy. The present study of Popper does not presume to address them all. The focus here is specifically on using Popper’s idea of critical rationalism to balance relations between liberal politics of individual rights and freedom, and communitarian politics of the common good, as it relates to situations about how socio-economic and political conditions in Africa societies should be structured. While I contend that Popper’s works in political philosophy focused centrally on Western political tradition, and not about Africa in its strict sense, significant lessons can be distilled from Popper that can offer suggestions on SOCIAL reforms in Africa. This paper explores Popper’s project of the open society across the plurality and differences of societies, so that his liberal ideas of individual freedom are not undermined, and the progress of the communitarian idea of the common good, that Africa societies are built upon, is also well enhanced. Liberal individualism and community values inherent to communitarianism are both well accommodated within Popper’s critical rationalism.

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to child labor in Shiraz. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of child labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards child labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and child labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in childhood, child labor as an income generating industry, child labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working children, and Shiraz's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working children in Shiraz has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of child labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working children, lack of proper organization and SOCIAL support of working children, Anonymity of working children and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to Shiraz.

Background: The purpose of this study was investigating the relationship of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and erectile DYSFUNCTION (ED) in patients referred to specialized sleep clinic.Methods: 77 patients with chief complain of erectile DYSFUNCTION referred to one specialized sleep clinic by urologists or legal authorities were investigated if they had obstructive sleep apnea. They were monitored for 8 hours in view of erection, apnea, electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry and polysomnography.Findings: Tests confirmed that erectile DYSFUNCTION and obstructive sleep apnea had no meaningful relationship (P>0.05).Conclusion: In our study, the relationship between erectile DYSFUNCTION and obstructive sleep apnea was not meaningful but we understood that some psychological factors are effective for erectile DYSFUNCTION. It is suggested to study organic factors responsible for erectile DYSFUNCTION.

Background and Aim: Patients are faced with some complications after third molar extraction. Considering this fact, some techniques are developed to reduce these complications, such as, Chlorhexidine rinse and antibiotic usage. Considering the importance of these complications, this study was conducted for the evaluation of chlorhexidine rinse and antibiotic usage to reduce post extraction complications of mandibular third molar in Tehran University Dental School.Methods & Materials: The study was a randomized double - blind experimental one. The study cases were assigned to three groups, using Penicillin V (2 gr.), Chlorhexidine rinse using and control group. The opening range of jaw and special distances in the face were measured before surgery, 48 hours and one week later. The statistical tests used were Kruskal- wallis and Mann - whitney U.Results: Penicillin V and Chlorhexidine rinse had no effect on infection, trismus, swelling and DYSFUNCTION 7 days after extraction. Chlorhexidine rinse reduced swelling at 48 hours after extraction only, meanwhile the effect of Chlorhexidine rinse and Penicillin V on swelling after 48 hours differed significantly (P<0.01).Conclusion: The study confirmed the positive effect of Chlorhexidine rinse on removing swelling at 48 hours after extraction of mandibular third molar, but it had not any effect on other complications. The group using Penicillin V did not show any decrease in post surgical complications.

Different types of contact, including contact between node pairs, any-contact of nodes, and contacts of the entire network, are used to characterize SOCIAL relations in mobile SOCIAL networks. Different modes of routing, from the point of view of message delivery semantics, encompass unicasting, multicasting, any-casting, and broadcasting. Studies have shown that using probability distribution functions of contact data, which is mainly assumed to be homogeneous for nodes, improves the performance of these networks. However, there exists an important challenge in studies on distributions. A lot of works apply the distribution of one type of contact to other types. Hence in routing applications, it causes to use of the distribution of one type of contact for any mode of routing. This study provides a complete solution to model each type of homogeneous contact data distribution and to use them in different modes of routing. We propose a routing algorithm that uses this new model. Results show that our solution improves the average latency of comparing methods Epidemic, TCCB, and DR about 3.5-times, 30%, and 45%, respectively. It achieves a delivery rate of about 5% and 6%, and average latency about 6% and 8% better than that of DR and TCCB, respectively.